How is the simultaneous interpretation in 22 languages is done in India’s Lok Sabha? In a landmark move for linguistic inclusion, India’s Lok Sabha expanded its simultaneous interpretation services to cover all 22 official languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, a rollout finalized during the Winter 2025 session. Testbook This monumental task … Read more
The Index of Opposition Unity (IOU) is an electoral metric formulated by political scientists and pollsters (originally developed by Prannoy Roy and Dorab Sopariwala) to measure the consolidation or fragmentation of opposition votes against a dominant ruling party. [1, 2] How It Is Calculated The IOU is calculated as the ratio of the vote share … Read more
Literally, a viceroy is someone who rules a country or province as the direct representative of a monarch, acting “in place of the king”. The word originates from the Latin prefix vice- (“in place of”) and the Old French word roy (“king”). https://www.britannica.com/topic/viceroy-government-official The term was historically used for officials appointed by a sovereign to … Read more
Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma[a] (12 May 1929 – 8 February 2025) was a Namibian revolutionary, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served three terms as the first president of Namibia, from 1990 to 2005. Nujoma was a founding member and the first president of the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) in 1960. Nujoma became involved in anti-colonial politics during the 1950s. In 1959, he co-founded and served … Read more
The POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment) Act, 2013, is an Indian legislation designed to protect women from sexual harassment at the workplace. It mandates that employers with 10 or more employees establish an Internal Committee (IC) to investigate complaints and requires organizations to conduct regular employee sensitization and awareness training. [1, 2, 3, 4] Key … Read more
Communitarians are a group of political and social philosophers who argue that human identity, morals, and political values are fundamentally shaped by the communities to which individuals belong. Emerging primarily in the 1980s as an academic critique of modern liberalism—specifically John Rawls’s landmark 1971 book A Theory of Justice—communitarianism challenges the idea that individuals can … Read more
2000 – 3000 words paper 10 to 15 pages English/Hindi/Marathi Times New Roman 12 Line spacing 1.5 Margin 1 inch on all sides (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters) Acknowledgements On a research paper, formal acknowledgments are almost never placed directly on the title page. Instead, they belong in a dedicated “Acknowledgments” section at the very … Read more
German and American historian and philosopher Born: 14 Oct 1906, Linden – Mitte, Hanover, Germany Died: 4 Dec 1975 (69 years), New York, New York, United States Spouse: Heinrich Blücher (m. 1940–1970), Günther Anders (m. 1929–1937) Parents: Martha Cohn, Paul Arendt Education: Heidelberg University (1929), University of Freiburg, Philipps-University Marburg Siblings: Eva Beerwald, Clara Beerwald Hannah Arendt(film) 2012 biographical drama film by Margarethe von Trotta Hannah Arendtis a 2012 biographicaldrama film directed by Margarethe … Read more
The Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 85), sometimes called the East India Company Act 1833 or the Charter Act 1833, is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, later retitled as the Saint Helena Act 1833. It extended the royal charter granted to the East India Company for an additional twenty years, and restructured the governance of British India. … Read more
DBFOT stands for Design, Build, Finance, Operate, and Transfer. It is a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model where a private entity is contracted to design, construct, fund, operate, and maintain an infrastructure project for a specific period before transferring it back to the government. World Bank +2 Key Components of DBFOT: This model is commonly used for large infrastructure projects like … Read more